Ulta Lab Tests

Functional Panel Female

The following is a list of what is included in the item above. Click the test(s) below to view what biomarkers are measured along with an explanation of what the biomarker is measuring.

Also known as: ABO Grouping and Rh Typing, Blood Type, Type and Group

Abo Group

Rh Type

Also known as: Microalbumin Random Urine with Creatinine

Creatinine, Random Urine

Microalbumin

Microalbumin/Creatinine

Amylase

Also known as: ANA, ANA Screen IFA with Reflex to Titer and Pattern IFA, ANA with Reflux

ANA Screen, IFA

The antinuclear antibody (ANA) test is ordered to help screen for autoimmune disorders and is most often used as one of the tests to diagnose systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

ANTI-MULLERIAN HORMONE

Apolipoprotein B

Also known as: CBC, CBC includes Differential and Platelets, CBC/PLT w/DIFF, Complete Blood Count (includes Differential and Platelets)

NOTE: Ulta Lab Tests provides CBC test results from Quest Diagnostics as they are reported. Often, different biomarker results are made available at different time intervals. When reporting the results, Ulta Lab Tests denotes those biomarkers not yet reported as 'pending' for every biomarker the test might report. Only biomarkers Quest Diagnostics observes are incorporated and represented in the final CBC test results provided by Ulta Lab Tests.

Absolute Band Neutrophils (Only Reported If Detected)

Immature forms of neutrophils are called neutrophilic band cells. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that is responsible for much of the body's protection against infection. Neutrophils are produced in the bone marrow and released into the bloodstream to travel to wherever they are needed. Large numbers of immature forms of neutrophils, called neutrophilic band cells, are produced by the bone marrow when the demand is high.

Absolute Basophils

Basophils normally constitute 1% or less of the total white blood cell count but may increase or decrease in certain diseases and are thought to be involved in allergic reactions.

Absolute Blasts (Only Reported If Detected)

Blasts are immature forms of white blood cells.

Absolute Eosinophils

Eosinophils (eos) respond to infections caused by parasites and play a role in allergic reactions (hypersensitivities)

Absolute Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are white blood cells that exist in both the blood and the lymphatic system. They are divided into three types. The B lymphocytes (B cells) are antibody-producing cells that are essential for acquired, antigen-specific immune responses. The second type are T lymphocytes (T cells) some T cells help the body distinguish between "self" and "non-self" antigens while others initiate and control the extent of an immune response, boosting it as needed and then slowing it as the condition resolves. Other types of T cells directly attack and neutralize virus-infected or cancerous cells. The third type are natural killer cells (NK cells) that directly attack and kill abnormal cells such as cancer cells or those infected with a virus.

Absolute Metamyelocytes (Only Reported If Detected)

Metamyelocytes are immature forms of white blood cells.

Absolute Monocytes

Monocytes (mono), similar to neutrophils, move to an area of infection and engulf and destroy bacteria. They are associated more often with chronic rather than acute infections. They are also involved in tissue repair and other functions involving the immune system.

Absolute Myelocytes (Only Reported If Detected)

Myelocytes are immature forms of white blood cells.

Absolute Neutrophils

Neutrophils (neu) normally make up the largest number of circulating WBCs. They move into an area of damaged or infected tissue, where they engulf and destroy bacteria or sometimes fungi. Young neutrophils, recently released into circulation, are called bands.

Absolute Nucleated Rbc (Only Reported If Detected)

Nucleated Red Blood Cells (nRBC) ) the presence of NRBCs in the adult blood is usually associated with malignant neoplasms, bone marrow diseases, and other serious disorders.

Absolute Promyelocytes (Only Reported If Detected)

Promyelocytes are immature forms of white blood cells.

Band Neutrophils (Only Reported If Detected)

Immature forms of neutrophils are called neutrophilic band cells. Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that is responsible for much of the body's protection against infection. Neutrophils are produced in the bone marrow and released into the bloodstream to travel to wherever they are needed. Large numbers of immature forms of neutrophils, called neutrophilic band cells, are produced by the bone marrow when the demand is high.

Basophils

Basophils normally constitute 1% or less of the total white blood cell count but may increase or decrease in certain diseases and are thought to be involved in allergic reactions.

Blasts (Only Reported If Detected)

Blasts are immature forms of white blood cells.

Eosinophils

Eosinophils are specialized white blood cells produced in the bone marrow and released into the bloodstream, where they normally make up only 0–6 % of circulating leukocytes. Their cytoplasm is packed with reddish‑orange granules that contain potent enzymes (e.g., major basic protein, eosinophil cationic protein) and inflammatory mediators. When the immune system detects large, multicellular invaders—such as helminth (worm) parasites—eosinophils migrate out of the blood and surround the pathogen, releasing these granule contents to damage the parasite’s outer surface and aid its destruction. Beyond parasite defense, eosinophils act as key orchestras of the allergic response. They accumulate in tissues exposed to allergens (airways in asthma, skin in eczema, GI tract in eosinophilic esophagitis) and secrete cytokines and lipid mediators that amplify inflammation, recruit additional immune cells, and contribute to symptoms like swelling, mucus production, and itching. Because of this pro‑inflammatory role, persistently elevated eosinophil counts—termed eosinophilia—can signal allergic disorders, drug hypersensitivity, or certain autoimmune and malignant conditions. Conversely, counts drop toward zero after glucocorticoid therapy or in acute stress states, reflecting the cells’ sensitivity to hormonal and immune regulation.

Hematocrit

Hematocrit is a blood test that measures the percentage of the volume of whole blood that is made up of red blood cells. This measurement depends on the number of red blood cells and the size of red blood cells.

Hemoglobin

Serum hemoglobin is a blood test that measures the level of free hemoglobin in the liquid part of the blood (the serum). Free hemoglobin is the hemoglobin outside of the red blood cells. Most of the hemoglobin is found inside the red blood cells, not in the serum.

Lymphocytes

Lymphocytes are white blood cells that exist in both the blood and the lymphatic system. They are divided into three types. The B lymphocytes (B cells) are antibody-producing cells that are essential for acquired, antigen-specific immune responses. The second type are T lymphocytes (T cells) some T cells help the body distinguish between "self" and "non-self" antigens while others initiate and control the extent of an immune response, boosting it as needed and then slowing it as the condition resolves. Other types of T cells directly attack and neutralize virus-infected or cancerous cells. The third type are natural killer cells (NK cells) that directly attack and kill abnormal cells such as cancer cells or those infected with a virus.

MCH

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) is a calculation of the average amount of oxygen-carrying hemoglobin inside a red blood cell.

MCHC

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) is a calculation of the average percentage of hemoglobin inside a red cell.

MCV

Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is a measurement of the average size of RBCs.

Metamyelocytes (Only Reported If Detected)

Metamyelocytes are immature forms of white blood cells.

Monocytes

Monocytes (mono), similar to neutrophils, move to an area of infection and engulf and destroy bacteria. They are associated more often with chronic rather than acute infections. They are also involved in tissue repair and other functions involving the immune system.

MPV

Mean Platelet Volume (MPV) - When it indicates average size of platelets are small; older platelets are generally smaller than younger ones and a low MPV may mean that a condition is affecting the production of platelets by the bone marrow. When it indicates a high number of larger, younger platelets in the blood; this may be due to the bone marrow producing and releasing platelets rapidly into circulation.

Myelocytes (Only Reported If Detected)

Myelocytes are immature forms of white blood cells.

Neutrophils

Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell that is responsible for much of the body's protection against infection. Neutrophils are produced in the bone marrow and released into the bloodstream to travel to wherever they are needed.

Nucleated Rbc (Only Reported If Detected)

Nucleated Red Blood Cells (nRBC) ) the presence of NRBCs in the adult blood is usually associated with malignant neoplasms, bone marrow diseases, and other serious disorders.

Platelet Count

A platelet count is a test to measure how many platelets you have in your blood. Platelets help the blood clot. They are smaller than red or white blood cells.

Promyelocytes (Only Reported If Detected)

Promyelocytes are immature forms of white blood cells.

RDW

Red cell distribution width (RDW), which may be included in a CBC, is a calculation of the variation in the size of RBCs.

Reactive Lymphocytes (Only Reported If Detected)

Lymphocytes are white blood cells that exist in both the blood and the lymphatic system. They are divided into three types. The B lymphocytes (B cells) are antibody-producing cells that are essential for acquired, antigen-specific immune responses. The second type are T lymphocytes (T cells) some T cells help the body distinguish between "self" and "non-self" antigens while others initiate and control the extent of an immune response, boosting it as needed and then slowing it as the condition resolves. Other types of T cells directly attack and neutralize virus-infected or cancerous cells. The third type are natural killer cells (NK cells) that directly attack and kill abnormal cells such as cancer cells or those infected with a virus.

Red Blood Cell Count

An RBC count is a blood test that tells how many red blood cells (RBCs) you have. RBCs contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen. How much oxygen your body tissues get depends on how many RBCs you have and how well they work.

White Blood Cell Count

A WBC count is a test to measure the number of white blood cells (WBCs) in the blood. WBCs help fight infections. They are also called leukocytes. There are five major types of white blood cells: basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes (T cells and B cells), monocytes and neutrophils

Also known as: Chem 12, Chemistry Panel, Chemistry Screen, CMP, Complete Metabolic Panel, Comprehensive Metabolic Panel CMP, SMA 12, SMA 20

Albumin

Albumin is a protein made by the liver. A serum albumin test measures the amount of this protein in the clear liquid portion of the blood.

Albumin/Globulin Ratio

The ratio of albumin to globulin (A/G ratio) is calculated from measured albumin and calculated globulin (total protein - albumin). Normally, there is a little more albumin than globulins, giving a normal A/G ratio of slightly over 1. Because disease states affect the relative amounts of albumin and globulin, the A/G ratio may provide a clue as to the cause of the change in protein levels. A low A/G ratio may reflect overproduction of globulins, such as seen in multiple myeloma or autoimmune diseases, or underproduction of albumin, such as may occur with cirrhosis, or selective loss of albumin from the circulation, as may occur with kidney disease (nephrotic syndrome). A high A/G ratio suggests underproduction of immunoglobulins as may be seen in some genetic deficiencies and in some leukemias. More specific tests, such as liver enzyme tests and serum protein electrophoresis, must be performed to make an accurate diagnosis. With a low total protein that is due to plasma expansion (dilution of the blood), the A/G ratio will typically be normal because both albumin and globulin will be diluted to the same extent.

Alkaline Phosphatase

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a protein found in all body tissues. Tissues with higher amounts of ALP include the liver, bile ducts, and bone.

Alt

Alanine transaminase (ALT) is an enzyme found in the highest amounts in the liver. Injury to the liver results in release of the substance into the blood.

AST

AST (aspartate aminotransferase) is an enzyme found in high amounts in liver, heart, and muscle cells. It is also found in lesser amounts in other tissues.

Bilirubin, Total

Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment found in bile, a fluid made by the liver. A small amount of older red blood cells are replaced by new blood cells every day. Bilirubin is left after these older blood cells are removed. The liver helps break down bilirubin so that it can be removed from the body in the stool.

Bun/Creatinine Ratio

A ratio between a person’s BUN and blood creatinine to help determine what is causing these concentrations to be higher than normal. The ratio of BUN to creatinine is usually between 10:1 and 20:1. An increased ratio may be due to a condition that causes a decrease in the flow of blood to the kidneys, such as congestive heart failure or dehydration. It may also be seen with increased protein, from gastrointestinal bleeding, or increased protein in the diet. The ratio may be decreased with liver disease (due to decrease in the formation of urea) and malnutrition.

Calcium

You have more calcium in your body than any other mineral. Calcium has many important jobs. The body stores more than 99 percent of its calcium in the bones and teeth to help make and keep them strong. The rest is throughout the body in blood, muscle and the fluid between cells. Your body needs calcium to help muscles and blood vessels contract and expand, to secrete hormones and enzymes and to send messages through the nervous system.

Carbon Dioxide

CO2 is carbon dioxide. Measures the amount of carbon dioxide in the liquid part of your blood, called the serum. In the body, most of the CO2 is in the form of a substance called bicarbonate (HCO3-). Therefore, the CO2 blood test is really a measure of your blood bicarbonate level.

Chloride

Chloride is a type of electrolyte. It works with other electrolytes such as potassium, sodium, and carbon dioxide (CO2). These substances help keep the proper balance of body fluids and maintain the body's acid-base balance. This is a measure of the amount of chloride in the fluid portion (serum) of the blood.

Creatinine

The creatinine blood test measures the level of creatinine in the blood. This test is done to see how well your kidneys work.

Egfr African American

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a test used to check how well the kidneys are working. Specifically, it estimates how much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute. Glomeruli are the tiny filters in the kidneys that filter waste from the blood.

Egfr Non-Afr. American

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a test used to check how well the kidneys are working. Specifically, it estimates how much blood passes through the glomeruli each minute. Glomeruli are the tiny filters in the kidneys that filter waste from the blood.

GFR-AFRICAN AMERICAN

GFR-NON AFRICAN AMERICAN

Globulin

Globulins is the collective term for most blood proteins other than albumin. Identifying the types of globulins can help diagnose certain disorders. Globulins are roughly divided into three groups: alpha, beta, and gamma globulins. Gamma globulines include various types of antibodies such as immunoglobulins (Ig) M, G, and A.

Glucose

A blood glucose test measures the amount of a sugar called glucose in a sample of your blood. Glucose is a major source of energy for most cells of the body, including those in the brain. The hormones insulin and glucagon help control blood glucose levels.

Potassium

Potassium is a mineral that the body needs to work normally. It helps nerves and muscles communicate. It also helps move nutrients into cells and waste products out of cells. A diet rich in potassium helps to offset some of sodium's harmful effects on blood pressure.

Protein, Total

The total protein is the total amount of two classes of proteins, albumin and globulin that are found in the fluid portion of your blood. Proteins are important parts of all cells and tissues. Your albumin helps prevent fluid from leaking out of blood vessels and your globulins are an important part of your immune system.

Sodium

Sodium is a substance that the body needs to work properly it is vital to normal body processes, including nerve and muscle function

Urea Nitrogen (Bun)

BUN stands for blood urea nitrogen. Urea nitrogen is what forms when protein breaks down. BUN measures the amount of urea nitrogen in the blood.

Also known as: Cortisol Total, Hydrocortisone, Total Cortisol

Cortisol, Total

Also known as: Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate, DHEA SO4, DHEA Sulfate Immunoassay, DHEAS, Transdehydroandrosterone

DHEA SULFATE

DHEA-sulfate test measures the amount of DHEA-sulfate in the blood. DHEA-sulfate is a weak male hormone (androgen) produced by the adrenal gland in both men and women.

Estradiol

Estradiol (estradiol-17 beta, E2) is part of an estrogen that is a group of steroids that regulate the menstrual cycle and function as the main female sex hormones. Estrogens are responsible for the development of female sex organs and secondary sex characteristics and are tied to the menstrual cycle and pregnancy. They are considered the main sex hormones in women and are present in small quantities in men. Estradiol (E2) is the predominant form of estrogen and is produced primarily in the ovaries with additional amounts produced by the adrenal glands in women and in the testes and adrenal glands in men. Estradiol levels are used in evaluating ovarian function. Estradiol levels are increased in cases of early (precocious) puberty in girls and gynecomastia in men. Its main use has been in the differential diagnosis of amenorrhea – for example, to determine whether the cause is menopause, pregnancy, or a medical problem. In assisted reproductive technology (ART), serial measurements are used to monitor follicle development in the ovary in the days prior to in vitro fertilization. Estradiol is also sometimes used to monitor menopausal hormone replacement therapy.

Ferritin

Ferritin is a protein found inside cells that stores iron so your body can use it later. A ferritin test indirectly measures the amount of iron in your blood. The amount of ferritin in your blood (serum ferritin level) is directly related to the amount of iron stored in your body.

Also known as: Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone

Fsh

Lh

Also known as: Gamma Glutamyl Transferase GGT, Gamma-Glutamyl Transferase, Gamma-Glutamyl Transpeptidase, Gamma-GT, GGTP, GTP

Ggt

Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is a test to measure the amount of the enzyme GGT in the blood.

Also known as: A1c, Glycated Hemoglobin, Glycohemoglobin, Glycosylated Hemoglobin, HA1c, HbA1c, Hemoglobin A1c, Hemoglobin A1c HgbA1C, Hgb A1c

Hemoglobin A1c

The A1c test evaluates the average amount of glucose in the blood over the last 2 to 3 months. It does this by measuring the concentration of glycated (also often called glycosylated) hemoglobin A1c. Hemoglobin is an oxygen-transporting protein found inside red blood cells (RBCs). There are several types of normal hemoglobin, but the predominant form – about 95-98% – is hemoglobin A. As glucose circulates in the blood, some of it spontaneously binds to hemoglobin A. The hemoglobin molecules with attached glucose are called glycated hemoglobin. The higher the concentration of glucose in the blood, the more glycated hemoglobin is formed. Once the glucose binds to the hemoglobin, it remains there for the life of the red blood cell – normally about 120 days. The predominant form of glycated hemoglobin is referred to as HbA1c or A1c. A1c is produced on a daily basis and slowly cleared from the blood as older RBCs die and younger RBCs (with non-glycated hemoglobin) take their place. This test is used to monitor treatment in someone who has been diagnosed with diabetes. It helps to evaluate how well their glucose levels have been controlled by treatment over time. This test may be used to screen for and diagnose diabetes or risk of developing diabetes. In 2010, clinical practice guidelines from the American Diabetes Association (ADA) stated that A1c may be added to fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) as an option for diabetes screening and diagnosis. For monitoring purposes, an A1c of less than 7% indicates good glucose control and a lower risk of diabetic complications for the majority of diabetics. However, in 2012, the ADA and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) issued a position statement recommending that the management of glucose control in type 2 diabetes be more "patient-centered." Data from recent studies have shown that low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) can cause complications and that people with risk of severe hypoglycemia, underlying health conditions, complications, and a limited life expectancy do not necessarily benefit from having a stringent goal of less than 7% for their A1c. The statement recommends that people work closely with their doctor to select a goal that reflects each person's individual health status and that balances risks and benefits.

Also known as: Homocysteine, Homocysteine Cardiovascular

HOMOCYSTEINE,

Also known as: C-Reactive Protein, Cardio CRP, Cardio hs-CRP, CRP, High Sensitivity CRP, High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein, High-sensitivity CRP, Highly Sensitive CRP, hsCRP, Ultra-sensitive CRP

Hs Crp

A high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP) test may be used by itself, in combination with other cardiac risk markers, or in combination with a lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 (Lp-PLA2) test that evaluates vascular inflammation. The hs-CRP test accurately detects low concentrations of C-reactive protein to help predict a healthy person's risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). High-sensitivity CRP is promoted by some as a test for determining a person's risk level for CVD, heart attacks, and strokes. The current thinking is that hs-CRP can play a role in the evaluation process before a person develops one of these health problems.

Also known as: Insulin (fasting)

Insulin

Insulin is a hormone that is produced and stored in the beta cells of the pancreas. It is vital for the transportation and storage of glucose at the cellular level, helps regulate blood glucose levels, and has a role in lipid metabolism. When blood glucose levels rise after a meal, insulin is released to allow glucose to move into tissue cells, especially muscle and adipose (fat) cells, where is it is used for energy production. Insulin then prompts the liver to either store the remaining excess blood glucose as glycogen for short-term energy storage and/or to use it to produce fatty acids. The fatty acids are eventually used by adipose tissue to synthesize triglycerides to form the basis of a longer term, more concentrated form of energy storage. Without insulin, glucose cannot reach most of the body's cells. Without glucose, the cells starve and blood glucose levels rise to unhealthy levels. This can cause disturbances in normal metabolic processes that result in various disorders, including kidney disease, cardiovascular disease, and vision and neurological problems. Thus, diabetes, a disorder associated with decreased insulin effects, is eventually a life-threatening condition.

Also known as: Iron and TIBC, Iron and Total Iron Binding Capacity TIBC, TIBC

% Saturation

Iron Binding Capacity

Total iron binding capacity (TIBC) is a blood test to see if you may have too much or too little iron in the blood. Iron moves through the blood attached to a protein called transferrin. This test helps your doctor know how well that protein can carry iron in the blood.

Iron, Total

Iron is a mineral that our bodies need for many functions. For example, iron is part of hemoglobin, a protein which carries oxygen from our lungs throughout our bodies. It helps our muscles store and use oxygen. Iron is also part of many other proteins and enzymes. Your body needs the right amount of iron. If you have too little iron, you may develop iron deficiency anemia. Causes of low iron levels include blood loss, poor diet, or an inability to absorb enough iron from foods. People at higher risk of having too little iron are young children and women who are pregnant or have periods.

Also known as: BLL, Blood Lead Level, Blood Lead Test, Lead Blood

Lead(B) Collection Sample

Lead, Blood

LEAD, BLOOD

Leptin

Also known as: LPS

Lipase

Also known as: Cholesterol, HDL,Fasting Lipids,Cholesterol, LDL, Fasting Lipids, Lipid Panel (fasting), Lipid Profile (fasting), Lipids

Chol/HDLC Ratio

Cholesterol, Total

Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that occurs naturally in all parts of the body. Your body needs some cholesterol to work properly. But if you have too much in your blood, it can combine with other substances in the blood and stick to the walls of your arteries. This is called plaque. Plaque can narrow your arteries or even block them. High levels of cholesterol in the blood can increase your risk of heart disease. Your cholesterol levels tend to rise as you get older. There are usually no signs or symptoms that you have high blood cholesterol, but it can be detected with a blood test. You are likely to have high cholesterol if members of your family have it, if you are overweight or if you eat a lot of fatty foods. You can lower your cholesterol by exercising more and eating more fruits and vegetables. You also may need to take medicine to lower your cholesterol.

HDL Cholesterol

LDL-Cholesterol

Non HDL Cholesterol

Triglycerides

Triglycerides are a form of fat and a major source of energy for the body. This test measures the amount of triglycerides in the blood. Most triglycerides are found in fat (adipose) tissue, but some triglycerides circulate in the blood to provide fuel for muscles to work. After a person eats, an increased level of triglycerides is found in the blood as the body converts the energy not needed right away into fat. Triglycerides move via the blood from the gut to adipose tissue for storage. In between meals, triglycerides are released from fat tissue to be used as an energy source for the body. Most triglycerides are carried in the blood by lipoproteins called very low density lipoproteins (VLDL). High levels of triglycerides in the blood are associated with an increased risk of developing cardiovascular disease (CVD), although the reason for this is not well understood. Certain factors can contribute to high triglyceride levels and to risk of CVD, including lack of exercise, being overweight, smoking cigarettes, consuming excess alcohol, and medical conditions such as diabetes and kidney disease.

Also known as: Lipoprotein A, Lp (a), Lp(a)

Lipoprotein (A)

Lipoprotein-a, or Lp(a) are molecules made of proteins and fat. They carry cholesterol and similar substances through the blood. A high level of Lp(a) is considered a risk factor for heart disease. High levels of lipoproteins can increase the risk of heart disease. The test is done to check your risk of atherosclerosis, stroke, and heart attack.

Also known as: Ion Mobility, Cardio IQ Lipoprotein Fractionation, Ion Mobility , HDL Subfractions, IDL Subfractions, LDL Subfractions, Lipoprotein Fraction, Lipoprotein Fractionation, Lipoprotein Fractionation Ion Mobility Cardio IQ, Quest Diagnostics has replaced the VAP® Cholesterol Test with Lipoprotein Fractionation, Ion Mobility, Cardio IQ™ test

HDL Large

LDL Medium

LDL Particle Number

LDL Pattern

LDL Peak Size

LDL Small

Magnesium

ARACHIDONIC ACID

ARACHIDONIC ACID/EPA

DHA

DPA

EPA

EPA+DPA+DHA

LINOLEIC ACID

OMEGA-3 TOTAL

OMEGA-6 TOTAL

OMEGA-6/OMEGA-3 RATIO

Also known as: PRL

Prolactin

Prolactin is a hormone produced by the anterior portion of the pituitary gland, a grape-sized organ found at the base of the brain. Prolactin secretion is regulated and inhibited by the brain chemical dopamine. Normally present in low amounts in men and non-pregnant women, prolactin's primary role is to promote lactation (breast milk production). Prolactin levels are usually high throughout pregnancy and just after childbirth. During pregnancy, the hormones prolactin, estrogen, and progesterone stimulate breast milk development. Following childbirth, prolactin helps initiate and maintain the breast milk supply. If a woman does not breastfeed, her prolactin level soon drops back to pre-pregnancy levels. If she does nurse, suckling by the infant plays an important role in the release of prolactin. There is a feedback mechanism between how often the baby nurses and the amount of prolactin secreted by the pituitary as well as the amount of milk produced. Another common cause of elevated prolactin levels is a prolactinoma, a prolactin-producing tumor of the pituitary gland. Prolactinomas are the most common type of pituitary tumor and are usually benign. They develop more frequently in women but are also found in men. Problems resulting from them can arise both from the unintended effects of excess prolactin, such as milk production in the non-pregnant woman (and rarely, man) and from the size and location of the tumor. If the anterior pituitary gland and/or the tumor enlarge significantly, it can put pressure on the optic nerve, causing headaches and visual disturbances, and it can interfere with the other hormones that the pituitary gland produces. In women, prolactinomas can cause infertility and irregularities in menstruation; in men, these tumors can cause a gradual loss in sexual function and libido. If left untreated, prolactinomas may eventually damage the tissues around them.

Vitamin D, 25-Oh, D2

Vitamin D2 ((ergocalciferol,) is found in fortified foods and in most vitamin preparations and supplements. Vitamin D comes from two sources: endogenous, which is produced in the skin on exposure to sunlight, and exogenous, which is ingested in foods and supplements. The D2 form is found in fortified foods and in most vitamin preparations and supplements. Vitamin D2 is effective when it is converted by the liver and the kidney into the active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.

Vitamin D, 25-Oh, D3

Vitamin D3 (cholecalcifero) which comes from animals. Vitamin D comes from two sources: endogenous, which is produced in the skin on exposure to sunlight, and exogenous, which is ingested in foods and supplements. Vitamin D3 is the form produced in the body and is also used in some supplements. Vitamin D3 are is converted by the liver and the kidney into the active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.

Vitamin D, 25-Oh, Total

Vitamin D comes from two sources: endogenous, which is produced in the skin on exposure to sunlight, and exogenous, which is ingested in foods and supplements. The chemical structures of the types of vitamin D are slightly different, and they are named vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol, which comes from plants) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol, which comes from animals). The D2 form is found in fortified foods and in most vitamin preparations and supplements. Vitamin D3 is the form produced in the body and is also used in some supplements. Vitamin D2 and D3 are equally effective when they are converted by the liver and the kidney into the active form, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D.

Also known as: RF

Rheumatoid Factor

Rheumatoid factor (RF) is a blood test that measures the amount of the RF antibody in the blood. An abnormal result means the test is positive, which means higher levels of rheumatoid factor have been detected in your blood. Most patients with rheumatoid arthritis or Sjogren syndrome have positive RF tests. The higher the level, the more likely one of these conditions is present. Not everyone with higher levels of rheumatoid factor has rheumatoid arthritis or Sjogren syndrome.

Also known as: Free T3, FT3, T3 Free

T3, Free

This test measures the amount of triiodothyronine, or T3, in the blood.

Also known as: Free T4, FT4, T4 Free

T4, Free

The free T4 test is not affected by protein levels. Since free T4 is the active form of thyroxine, the free T4 test is may be a more accurate reflection of thyroid hormone function.

Also known as: Testosterone Total And Free And Sex Hormone Binding Globulin

Free Testosterone

In many cases, measurement of total testosterone provides the doctor with adequate information. However, in certain cases, for example when the level of SHBG is abnormal, a test for free or bioavailable testosterone may be performed as it may more accurately reflect the presence of a medical condition.

Sex Hormone Binding

The sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) test measures the concentration of SHBG in the blood. SHBG is a protein that is produced by the liver and binds tightly to testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and estradiol (an estrogen). In this bound state, it transports them in the blood as an inactive form. The amount of SHBG in circulation is affected by age and sex, by decreased or increased testosterone or estrogen production and can be affected by certain diseases and conditions such as liver disease, hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism, and obesity. Changes in SHBG levels can affect the amount of testosterone that is available to be used by the body's tissues. A total testosterone test does not distinguish between bound and unbound testosterone but determines the overall quantity of testosterone. If a person's SHBG level is not normal, then the total testosterone may not be an accurate representation of the amount of testosterone that is available to the person's tissues.

TESTOSTERONE, TOTAL,

A testosterone test measures the amount of the male hormone, testosterone, in the blood. Both men and women produce this hormone. In males, the testicles produce most of the testosterone in the body. Levels are most often checked to evaluate signs of low testosterone: In boys -- early or late puberty and in men -- impotence, low level of sexual interest, infertility, thinning of the bones In females, the ovaries produce most of the testosterone and levels are most often checked to evaluate signs of higher testosterone levels, such as: decreased breast size, excess hair growth, increased size of the clitoris. irregular or absent menstrual periods and male-pattern baldness or hair thinning.

Thyroglobulin Antibodies

Measurement of thyroglobulin antibodies is useful in the diagnosis and management of a variety of thyroid disorders including Hashimoto's thyroiditis, Graves Disease and certain types of goiter.

Thyroid Peroxidase

Also known as: Thyroid Stimulating Hormone, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH), Thyrotropin

TSH

A TSH test is a lab test that measures the amount of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in your blood. TSH is produced by the pituitary gland. It tells the thyroid gland to make and release thyroid hormones into the blood.

Also known as: Serum Urate, UA

Uric Acid

Uric acid is a chemical created when the body breaks down substances called purines. Purines are found in some foods and drinks. These include liver, anchovies, mackerel, dried beans and peas, and beer. Most uric acid dissolves in blood and travels to the kidneys. From there, it passes out in urine. If your body produces too much uric acid or doesn't remove enough if it, you can get sick. A high level of uric acid in the blood is called hyperuricemia.

Also known as: UA, Complete, Urinalysis UA Complete, Urine Analysis, Complete

Amorphous Sediment (Only Reported If Detected)

Appearance

Bacteria

Bacteria are living things that have only one cell. Most bacteria won't hurt you - less than 1 percent of the different types make people sick. Many are helpful. Some bacteria help to digest food, destroy disease-causing cells, and give the body needed vitamins. But infectious bacteria can make you ill. They reproduce quickly in your body. Many give off chemicals called toxins, which can damage tissue and make you sick. Examples of bacteria that cause infections include Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, and E. coli.

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a yellowish pigment found in bile, a fluid made by the liver. A small amount of older red blood cells are replaced by new blood cells every day. Bilirubin is left after these older blood cells are removed. The liver helps break down bilirubin so that it can be removed from the body in the stool.

Calcium Oxalate Crystals (Only Reported If Detected)

Calcium oxalate is a chemical compound that forms envelope-shaped crystals. A major constituent of human kidney stones.

Casts (Only Reported If Detected)

Urinary casts are cylindrical structures produced by the kidney and present in the urine in certain disease states. They form in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts of nephrons, then dislodge and pass into the urine, where they can be detected by microscopy.

Color

Crystals (Only Reported If Detected)

Abnormal crystals may appear in urine as a result of pathology or due to normal catabolism

Glucose

A blood glucose test measures the amount of a sugar called glucose in a sample of your blood. Glucose is a major source of energy for most cells of the body, including those in the brain. The hormones insulin and glucagon help control blood glucose levels.

Granular Cast (Only Reported If Detected)

The second-most common type of cast, granular casts can result either from the breakdown of cellular casts or the inclusion of aggregates of plasma proteins (e.g., albumin) or immunoglobulin light chains. Depending on the size of inclusions, they can be classified as fine or coarse, though the distinction has no diagnostic significance. Their appearance is generally more cigar-shaped and of a higher refractive index than hyaline casts. While most often indicative of chronic renal disease, these casts, as with hyaline casts, can also be seen for a short time following strenuous exercise

Hyaline Cast

Urinary casts are tiny tube-shaped particles. Urinary casts may be made up of white blood cells, red blood cells, kidney cells, or substances such as protein or fat. The most common type of cast, hyaline casts are solidified Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein secreted from the tubular epithelial cells of individual nephrons. Low urine flow, concentrated urine, or an acidic environment can contribute to the formation of hyaline casts, and, as such, they may be seen in normal individuals in dehydration or vigorous exercise. Hyaline casts are cylindrical and clear, with a low refractive index,

Ketones

Ketones are substances produced in the liver when fat cells break down in the blood. A serum ketone test is a measurement of how many ketones are in the blood.

Leukocyte Esterase

Leukocyte esterase is a urine test to look for white blood cells and other signs associated with infection.

Nitrite

Occult Blood

The test looks for hidden (occult) blood in a specimen sample. It can find blood even if you cannot see it yourself.

Ph

Level of acid

Protein

Body fluids contain many different proteins that serve diverse functions such as transport of nutrients, removal of toxins, control of metabolic processes, and defense against invaders. Protein electrophoresis is a method for separating these proteins based on their size and electrical charge. When body fluids are separated by electrophoresis, they form a characteristic pattern of bands of different widths and intensities, reflecting the mixture of proteins present. This pattern is divided into five fractions, called albumin, alpha 1, alpha 2, beta, and gamma. In some cases, the beta fraction is further divided into beta 1 and beta 2. Albumin, which is produced in the liver, accounts for about 60% of the protein in the blood. "Globulins" is a collective term used to refer to proteins other than albumin. With the exception of the immunoglobulins and some complement proteins, most of the globulins are also produced in the liver. Immunofixation electrophoresis (IFE) is a method used to identify abnormal bands seen on serum, urine, or CSF protein electrophoresis, as to which type of antibody (immunoglobulin) is present.

Rbc

RBCs contain hemoglobin, which carries oxygen. How much oxygen your body tissues get depends on how many RBCs you have and how well they work.

Reducing Substances (Only Reported If Detected)

Renal Epithelial Cells (Only Reported If Detected)

Specific Gravity

Squamous Epithelial Cells

Transitional Epithelial (Only Reported If Detected)

Triple Phosphate Crystals (Only Reported If Detected)

Struvite stones (triple phosphate/magnesium ammonium phosphate) - about 10–15% of urinary calculi are composed of struvite (ammonium magnesium phosphate, NH4MgPO4·6H2O).[44] Struvite stones (also known as "infection stones", urease or triple-phosphate stones), form most often in the presence of infection by urea-splitting bacteria

Uric Acid Crystals (Only Reported If Detected)

Abnormal crystals may appear in urine as a result of pathology or due to normal catabolism

WBC

WBCs help fight infections. They are also called leukocytes. There are five major types of white blood cells: basophils, eosinophils, lymphocytes (T cells and B cells), monocytes and neutrophils

YEAST (Only Reported If Detected)

Candida is the scientific name for yeast. It is a fungus that lives almost everywhere, including in your body. Usually, your immune system keeps yeast under control. If you are sick or taking antibiotics, it can multiply and cause an infection.

Also known as: ZN, Plasma

Zinc

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The Functional Panel Female panel contains 38 tests with 148 biomarkers .

The Functional Panel Female is a comprehensive suite of tests designed to evaluate various aspects of health. Each test included in the panel serves a specific purpose in understanding and monitoring your overall health and well-being. Here's a breakdown of the benefits of each test category:

Heart Health

  • Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)]: This test measures the level of Lp(a) in the blood. Elevated Lp(a) levels are associated with an increased risk of heart disease, particularly coronary artery disease. It's a genetic marker and can provide insight into heart disease risk independent of other lipid levels.
  • Apolipoprotein B (Apo B): Apo B is a protein involved in the metabolism of lipids and is a major component of LDL cholesterol. High levels of Apo B can indicate a greater number of LDL particles, which is a risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
  • Lipoprotein Fractionation: This test separates lipoproteins into their subtypes (such as LDL, HDL, VLDL) and measures their concentrations. It provides a more detailed view of the types of cholesterol in the blood and can help in assessing cardiovascular risk more precisely.
  • LDL Particle Number: This test measures the number of LDL (low-density lipoprotein) particles in the blood. A high number of small, dense LDL particles are associated with an increased risk of heart disease, even if the total LDL cholesterol level is normal.
  • LDL Small, LDL Medium: These tests measure the size of LDL particles. Small, dense LDL particles are thought to be more atherogenic (likely to form plaques in arteries) than larger, less dense LDL particles.
  • HDL Large: This test measures the size and concentration of large HDL (high-density lipoprotein) particles. Large HDL particles are considered protective against heart disease.
  • LDL Pattern: This test determines the pattern of LDL particles - whether they are predominantly small and dense (Pattern B) or large and buoyant (Pattern A). Pattern B is associated with a higher risk of cardiovascular disease.
  • LDL Peak Size: This test measures the average size of LDL particles. Smaller peak size is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease.
  • Triglycerides: High levels of triglycerides can increase the risk of coronary artery disease, especially when combined with low HDL cholesterol or high LDL cholesterol.
  • Total Cholesterol: This is a measure of the total amount of cholesterol in your blood. High levels can increase the risk of heart disease, though it's important to look at the types of cholesterol (HDL, LDL) as well.
  • LDL Cholesterol (Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol): Often referred to as "bad" cholesterol, high levels of LDL can lead to a buildup of cholesterol in the arteries and increased risk of heart disease.
  • HDL Cholesterol (High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol): Known as "good" cholesterol, higher levels of HDL are associated with a lower risk of heart disease as it helps remove other forms of cholesterol from the bloodstream.
  • Non-HDL Cholesterol: This number is calculated by subtracting HDL cholesterol from total cholesterol and represents all the "bad" types of cholesterol. Higher values are associated with an increased risk of heart disease.
  • Cholesterol / HDL Ratio: This ratio is calculated by dividing the total cholesterol by the HDL cholesterol. A lower ratio indicates a lower risk of heart disease.
  • High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP): This test measures the level of C-reactive protein in the blood, which can indicate inflammation in the body. Elevated hsCRP levels are associated with an increased risk of heart disease and can be a marker of inflammation associated with atherosclerosis.

Each of these tests provides valuable information about different aspects of heart health, helping to assess the risk of cardiovascular disease and guide appropriate preventative or therapeutic measures.

Thyroid Function

  • Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH): This test measures the level of TSH in the blood. TSH is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that signals the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). TSH levels are used to diagnose thyroid disorders; elevated TSH usually indicates hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid), while low TSH can indicate hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid).
  • Triiodothyronine (T3), Free: Free T3 test measures the level of T3, one of the two major hormones produced by the thyroid gland, in the blood. Unlike total T3, free T3 measures the hormone that is not bound to protein, thus available to your cells. Abnormal levels can indicate thyroid dysfunction. High levels are often seen in hyperthyroidism, while low levels can be seen in hypothyroidism.
  • Thyroxine (T4), Free: Free T4 test measures the unbound thyroxine hormone in the bloodstream. T4 is another major hormone produced by the thyroid gland. This test is used to evaluate thyroid function, and like T3, its levels are critical in diagnosing hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. Low free T4 can indicate hypothyroidism, while high levels can suggest hyperthyroidism.
  • Thyroglobulin Antibodies (TgAb): This test measures the presence of antibodies against thyroglobulin, a protein produced by the thyroid gland. The presence of TgAb can indicate autoimmune thyroid disease, such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis (a common cause of hypothyroidism) or, less commonly, Graves' disease.
  • Thyroid Peroxidase Antibodies (TPO): TPO antibodies test measures the presence of antibodies against thyroid peroxidase, an enzyme in the thyroid gland that plays an important role in the production of thyroid hormones. Like TgAb, the presence of TPO antibodies is often associated with autoimmune thyroid conditions like Hashimoto's thyroiditis or Graves' disease.

These tests together provide a comprehensive assessment of thyroid function and are essential for diagnosing and monitoring thyroid disorders. They help in identifying the type of thyroid disorder, be it an underactive or overactive thyroid, and autoimmune thyroid conditions, guiding appropriate treatment and management strategies.

Autoimmunity

  • Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) Titer [Reflex of ANA Screen]: The ANA titer test measures the level of antinuclear antibodies in the blood. A higher titer can indicate an autoimmune disorder, such as lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, or scleroderma. This test is often used to help diagnose these conditions, as ANA can attack the body's own tissues, leading to inflammation and various symptoms.
  • Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) Screen: The ANA screen is a preliminary test that checks for the presence of antinuclear antibodies in the blood. A positive result can indicate an autoimmune disease, but it's important to note that ANA can also be present in healthy individuals. This test is usually followed by more specific tests to determine the exact nature of the autoimmune response.
  • Antinuclear Antibodies (ANA) Pattern [Reflex of ANA Screen]: When the ANA test is positive, the ANA pattern test can provide additional information by determining the pattern of fluorescence observed in the test. Different patterns are associated with different types of autoimmune diseases. For example, a speckled pattern might be seen in lupus, while a nucleolar pattern might be associated with scleroderma.
  • Rheumatoid Factor (RF): This test measures the level of rheumatoid factor in the blood. RF is an antibody that is often found in people with rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting the joints. However, it can also be present in other autoimmune diseases and in some healthy individuals. A positive RF test, especially when combined with symptoms and other test results, can help diagnose rheumatoid arthritis.

These tests are beneficial in diagnosing and monitoring autoimmune diseases. They help in identifying the presence of abnormal immune responses and can guide healthcare providers in determining the most appropriate treatment and management strategies for these conditions.

Immune Regulation

  • High-Sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hsCRP): This test measures the level of C-reactive protein in the blood, which is a marker of inflammation in the body. High levels of hsCRP are associated with an increased risk of heart disease and can also indicate other inflammatory conditions. It is particularly useful for assessing heart disease risk in individuals with other risk factors.
  • White Blood Cell (WBC) Count: The WBC count is a measure of the total number of white blood cells in a blood sample. White blood cells are crucial for the body's immune response. Abnormal levels can indicate a variety of conditions, including infections, inflammatory diseases, and immune system disorders.
  • Neutrophils (% and Absolute): Neutrophils are a type of white blood cell important for fighting infections, especially bacterial infections. The test measures both the percentage and absolute count of neutrophils. Elevated or decreased levels can indicate infections, inflammation, or bone marrow problems.
  • Lymphocytes (% and Absolute): Lymphocytes, another type of white blood cell, play a key role in the body's immune response, especially in fighting viral infections and in overall immune system health. Abnormal lymphocyte levels can suggest viral infections, certain cancers, or immune system disorders.
  • Monocytes (% and Absolute): Monocytes are white blood cells that help fight off bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens. They also assist in removing dead or damaged tissue and regulating immune response. Changes in monocyte levels can indicate chronic inflammation, infection, or other immune-related conditions.
  • Eosinophils (% and Absolute): Eosinophils are involved in the body’s response to allergens and are also important in fighting off parasitic infections. High levels of eosinophils can indicate allergic reactions, parasitic infections, and certain autoimmune disorders.
  • Basophils (% and Absolute): Basophils are the least common type of white blood cell but play a role in immune responses to allergens and parasites. Elevated basophil levels can be seen in allergic reactions, chronic inflammatory disorders, and certain blood disorders.

Each of these tests provides insight into different aspects of the immune system. They can help identify the presence of infections, inflammatory diseases, immune system imbalances, and allergic responses. Understanding the levels and behavior of these cells is crucial in diagnosing, monitoring, and managing various health conditions related to the immune system.

Female Health

  • Testosterone, Total: This test measures the total amount of testosterone (both bound and free) in a woman's blood. While testosterone is often considered a male hormone, it also plays important roles in female health, including in sexual desire, bone strength, and muscle mass. Abnormal levels can indicate various health issues, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), ovarian or adrenal gland disorders.
  • Testosterone, Free: Free testosterone is the fraction of testosterone not bound to proteins in the blood and is biologically active. Measuring free testosterone can help in diagnosing and managing conditions related to hormonal imbalances, such as hirsutism or irregular menstrual cycles.
  • Prolactin: Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that plays a role in fertility and the production of breast milk. High levels of prolactin (hyperprolactinemia) can cause menstrual irregularities, infertility, and lactation in non-pregnant women.
  • Estradiol (E2): Estradiol is the primary form of estrogen in women and is important for reproductive and sexual health. It also has roles in bone health, skin maintenance, and regulating cholesterol. Testing estradiol levels is important in evaluating menstrual problems, assessing ovarian function, and managing menopausal symptoms.
  • DHEA-Sulfate (DHEA-S): DHEA-S is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands and is a precursor to both estrogen and testosterone. Abnormal levels can indicate various conditions, including adrenal dysfunction and PCOS.
  • Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH): FSH is essential in regulating the menstrual cycle and stimulates the growth of eggs in the ovaries. Testing FSH levels can help diagnose disorders of the reproductive system, assess menopause status, and investigate fertility issues.
  • Luteinizing Hormone (LH): LH works closely with FSH in the reproductive system. It triggers ovulation and maintains progesterone production in the second half of the menstrual cycle. LH testing is used in evaluating menstrual irregularities, infertility, and pituitary disorders.
  • Sex Hormone Binding Globulin (SHBG): SHBG binds to sex hormones, including estrogen and testosterone. Measuring SHBG can help understand the levels of free hormones available to the body and is important in diagnosing hormonal imbalances and diseases like PCOS.
  • Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH): AMH is a hormone produced by ovarian follicles and is a marker of ovarian reserve (the number of eggs available in the ovaries). It is used in assessing fertility, especially in the context of IVF treatment, and can also help in diagnosing PCOS.

These tests provide crucial information about a woman's hormonal health and reproductive system. They can help in diagnosing and managing conditions such as infertility, menstrual irregularities, menopause, and hormonal imbalances.

Stress & Aging

  • Cortisol: Cortisol is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands, often referred to as the "stress hormone" because its levels increase in response to stress. It plays a crucial role in several body functions, including metabolism, immune response, and stress response. Measuring cortisol levels can help in assessing adrenal function and the body's response to stress. Abnormal levels can be indicative of conditions such as Cushing's syndrome (high cortisol) or Addison's disease (low cortisol). It can also provide insights into stress-related disorders and fatigue.
  • DHEA Sulfate (DHEA-S): DHEA-S is a hormone produced by the adrenal glands and serves as a precursor to male and female sex hormones. Its levels peak in early adulthood and then decline with age. Measuring DHEA-S can provide insights into adrenal function and aging. Low levels have been associated with aging, stress, a higher risk of chronic disease, and lower life expectancy, while supplementation has been explored for its potential anti-aging and health benefits.

These tests can offer valuable information about how stress and aging are affecting the body, which can be crucial for developing personalized health and wellness strategies. Understanding cortisol and DHEA-S levels, along with biological age, can help in identifying potential health risks and guiding interventions to improve health and longevity.

Metabolic Health

  • Leptin: Leptin is a hormone primarily produced by fat cells. It regulates appetite and body weight by signaling the brain to reduce appetite and burn more calories. Testing leptin levels can be useful in understanding obesity and its metabolic consequences. Abnormally high levels are often found in obese individuals, indicating leptin resistance, while low levels can be seen in thin individuals.
  • Uric Acid: Uric acid is a waste product formed from the breakdown of purines, substances found in certain foods. Elevated uric acid levels can lead to gout, a form of arthritis characterized by painful joint inflammation, and can also indicate kidney problems or metabolic syndrome. Conversely, low levels can be associated with liver disease or exposure to certain toxic substances.
  • Glucose: The glucose test measures the concentration of glucose in the blood. It's a primary test for diagnosing diabetes and is also used to monitor blood sugar levels in individuals with diabetes. Maintaining normal blood glucose levels is crucial for preventing the long-term complications of diabetes, including damage to the eyes, kidneys, and nerves.
  • Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c): This test measures the average blood glucose levels over the past two to three months by assessing the percentage of hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells, that is coated with sugar (glycated). It's used to diagnose and monitor diabetes and to gauge how well the individual is managing their blood sugar over time.
  • Insulin: Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels by facilitating the uptake of glucose into cells. An insulin test can help evaluate insulin production and diagnose insulin resistance (common in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome) and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). Abnormally high or low insulin levels can indicate various metabolic disorders and guide treatment strategies.

Each of these tests provides important information about the body's metabolic processes, particularly related to energy regulation, blood sugar control, and the risk of diabetes and other metabolic disorders. Understanding these levels can help in diagnosing metabolic conditions, guiding dietary and lifestyle changes, and monitoring the effectiveness of treatments.

Nutrients

  • Omega 6/Omega 3 Ratio: This test measures the ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids in the blood. An appropriate balance between these fatty acids is crucial for health, as they play a role in inflammation and chronic diseases. A high omega-6/omega-3 ratio can be associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases, including heart disease.
  • Omega 3 and 6: Arachidonic Acid/EPA Ratio: This test assesses the ratio of arachidonic acid (an omega-6 fatty acid) to eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, an omega-3 fatty acid). A lower ratio is generally considered healthier, as high levels of arachidonic acid relative to EPA can lead to a pro-inflammatory state.
  • Omega 3 and 6: Arachidonic Acid: This test measures the level of arachidonic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid involved in inflammation. Elevated levels can be associated with chronic inflammatory conditions.
  • Omega 3 and 6: EPA (Eicosapentaenoic Acid): EPA is an omega-3 fatty acid important for cardiovascular health and reducing inflammation. This test can help in assessing dietary intake of omega-3s and the risk of heart disease.
  • Omega 3 and 6: DHA (Docosahexaenoic Acid): DHA is another crucial omega-3 fatty acid, essential for brain health and development. This test measures DHA levels, which can be important for cognitive function and visual health.
  • Omega 3 (EPA+DHA) Index: This index measures the total of EPA and DHA omega-3 fatty acids in red blood cells. It's a marker of heart disease risk, with higher levels generally indicating a lower risk.
  • Omega Risk: This test assesses the risk of developing heart disease based on the levels of various omega fatty acids. It helps in understanding the balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory fats in the diet.
  • Vitamin D: This test measures the level of vitamin D, which is crucial for bone health, immune function, and overall health. Low levels can lead to bone disorders and have been linked to various other health issues, including cardiovascular disease and certain cancers.
  • Zinc: Zinc is essential for immune function, wound healing, and DNA synthesis. This test can identify zinc deficiency, which can lead to impaired immune function, hair loss, and delayed wound healing.
  • Magnesium: Magnesium plays a role in over 300 enzyme reactions in the body. This test can detect magnesium deficiency, which can cause muscle weakness, cramps, and irregular heart rhythms.
  • Iron: This test measures the amount of iron in the blood, essential for producing hemoglobin. Iron deficiency can lead to anemia, while excess iron can cause organ damage.
  • Iron Binding Capacity: This test measures how well iron binds to proteins in the blood and is used to diagnose anemia or iron overload disorders.
  • Iron % Saturation: This test measures the percentage of iron-binding sites in the blood that are occupied by iron. It is used to assess iron stores in the body.
  • Ferritin: Ferritin reflects the amount of stored iron in the body. Low levels indicate iron deficiency, while high levels can indicate iron overload or inflammation.
  • Homocysteine: High levels of homocysteine can be a risk factor for heart disease, stroke, and other forms of cardiovascular disease. It's also linked to B vitamin deficiencies.

These nutrient tests are beneficial in assessing dietary imbalances, guiding supplementation, and detecting deficiencies or excesses that can lead to health problems. Understanding these levels can be crucial in managing overall health and preventing chronic diseases.

Liver Function

Each test in the Liver category plays a vital role in assessing liver health and function. Here are their explanations and benefits:

  • Gamma-glutamyl Transferase (GGT): GGT is an enzyme found in many body tissues, but mainly in the liver. Elevated levels of GGT can indicate liver damage or disease, including hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. It's also sensitive to alcohol use and can be elevated in chronic alcoholism.
  • Total Protein: This test measures the total amount of protein in the blood and can help evaluate liver function. Abnormal levels can indicate liver disease or other medical conditions like kidney disease or nutritional problems.
  • Albumin: Albumin is the main protein made by the liver and is an important measure of liver function. Low levels of albumin can suggest liver damage or disease, as well as kidney disease or malnutrition.
  • Total Bilirubin: Bilirubin is a waste product processed by the liver. High levels can indicate liver disease or other conditions like gallstones or hemolytic anemia. It is also a common marker for jaundice.
  • Aspartate Transaminase (AST): AST is an enzyme found in the liver and other tissues. Elevated levels of AST can indicate liver damage, but since AST is also present in other organs, it is usually measured alongside other tests like ALT.
  • Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT): ALT is an enzyme mostly found in the liver. High levels of ALT are more specific to liver damage than AST and can indicate liver diseases such as hepatitis or cirrhosis.
  • Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP): ALP is an enzyme found in the liver, bones, and other tissues. Elevated levels can indicate liver disease or bone disorders. In liver conditions, high ALP often accompanies blockage of bile ducts, liver infections, or tumors.

These liver tests are crucial for diagnosing and monitoring liver diseases and conditions affecting liver function. They provide vital information on the liver's ability to perform its essential functions, such as protein synthesis, processing of waste products, and metabolism of various substances. Abnormal results can lead to further investigation and guide treatment decisions.

Kidney Function

  • Albumin - Urine (Microalbumin): This test checks for the presence of albumin in urine, which is an early marker of kidney damage. Normally, albumin is not present in urine, so its presence can indicate a problem with kidney function, often seen in conditions like diabetes and hypertension.
  • Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN): BUN measures the amount of nitrogen in the blood that comes from the waste product urea. High levels can indicate that the kidneys are not working properly, while low levels can be caused by liver disease or malnutrition.
  • Creatinine: Creatinine is a waste product produced by normal muscle breakdown. Measuring creatinine levels in the blood helps assess kidney function. Elevated creatinine levels can indicate kidney damage or reduced kidney function.
  • BUN/Creatinine Ratio: This ratio is used to differentiate between causes of kidney dysfunction. It can help distinguish between problems in the kidney itself (like acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease) and conditions that affect blood flow to the kidney, such as dehydration or gastrointestinal bleeding.
  • Globulin: Globulin is a type of protein in the blood. Abnormal levels can be a sign of various conditions including liver or kidney disease, immune disorders, and nutritional problems.
  • Albumin/Globulin Ratio: This ratio compares the levels of albumin to globulin in the blood. An abnormal ratio can indicate kidney disease, liver disease, or problems with protein production.
  • Chloride: Chloride is an electrolyte that helps balance fluids in the body. Abnormal chloride levels can be a sign of kidney dysfunction, dehydration, or other metabolic disorders.
  • Calcium: Calcium is essential for various bodily functions and its level is partly regulated by the kidneys. Abnormal levels can indicate kidney disease, parathyroid disorders, bone disease, or other health conditions.
  • Potassium: Potassium is another key electrolyte, and the kidneys play a crucial role in regulating its levels. High or low potassium can indicate kidney problems, as well as issues related to diet, medications, or other organ systems.
  • Sodium: Sodium is vital for fluid balance and nerve function. Abnormal sodium levels can be caused by kidney disease, dehydration, and a variety of other conditions.
  • Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR): eGFR is a calculation based on blood creatinine levels, age, race, and gender. It estimates how well the kidneys are filtering blood. Low eGFR levels can indicate kidney disease.

These tests collectively provide a comprehensive evaluation of kidney function and help diagnose and monitor kidney diseases and conditions that affect kidney performance. Understanding these levels is crucial for managing kidney health and preventing kidney-related complications.

Pancreas

  • Amylase: Amylase is an enzyme produced primarily by the pancreas and the salivary glands to help digest carbohydrates. Testing for amylase levels is often used to diagnose and monitor acute pancreatitis, a condition where the pancreas is inflamed and not functioning properly. Elevated amylase levels can also indicate other conditions affecting the pancreas or nearby structures, such as pancreatic duct obstruction, cholecystitis (gallbladder inflammation), or gastrointestinal perforation.
  • Lipase: Lipase is another enzyme produced by the pancreas, which helps in the digestion of dietary fats. A lipase test is more specific than an amylase test for diagnosing pancreatitis, especially chronic pancreatitis. Elevated lipase levels can indicate acute pancreatitis and may also be seen in other pancreatic diseases, such as pancreatic cancer or cystic fibrosis.

Both of these tests are essential for evaluating pancreatic function and health. By measuring the levels of these enzymes, doctors can diagnose pancreatic disorders, determine the severity of the conditions, and monitor the effectiveness of treatments. Elevated levels of these enzymes typically indicate an acute issue with the pancreas, while lower levels might be seen in cases of chronic pancreatic damage.

Heavy Metals

  • Lead Test: This test measures the level of lead in the blood. Lead is a toxic metal, and exposure to high levels can cause serious health problems. Lead poisoning can affect almost every organ in the body and is particularly harmful to the nervous system. It is especially dangerous for children, as it can cause developmental delays and learning difficulties. Testing for lead is important for people who might have been exposed to lead through their environment or occupation. Early detection and treatment can help prevent the harmful effects of lead poisoning.

Both of these tests are crucial for identifying and managing exposure to these toxic metals. Understanding exposure levels is important in preventing and treating potential health problems associated with heavy metal toxicity. These tests are particularly important for individuals in high-risk environments or those presenting with symptoms suggestive of heavy metal poisoning.

Electrolytes and Blood Health

  • Sodium: Sodium is a key electrolyte that helps maintain fluid balance in the body and is essential for nerve and muscle function. The sodium test measures the level of sodium in the blood. Abnormal sodium levels can be indicative of a variety of conditions including dehydration, kidney disease, heart failure, and hormonal imbalances.
  • Calcium: Calcium is critical for healthy bones and teeth, blood clotting, and the functioning of the nervous system and muscles. The calcium test measures the level of calcium in the blood. Abnormal levels can indicate bone disorders, kidney disease, thyroid issues, and other metabolic conditions.
  • Potassium: Potassium is vital for cell function, especially for muscle contraction and nerve transmission. The potassium test measures its level in the blood. High or low levels can affect the heart rhythm and are often related to kidney function, dehydration, and medications.
  • Chloride: Chloride, often paired with sodium, helps control fluids and maintain electrolyte balance. The chloride test measures the level of chloride in the blood. Abnormal levels can indicate dehydration, kidney disease, or other conditions that affect fluid balance.
  • Carbon Dioxide: In this context, carbon dioxide usually refers to the bicarbonate level in the blood. It is an important part of the body's mechanism for maintaining the pH balance. Abnormal levels can be a sign of respiratory or metabolic issues.
  • Magnesium: Magnesium is essential for many body processes, including muscle and nerve function, blood glucose control, and blood pressure regulation. The magnesium test measures the level of magnesium in the blood. Low levels can be caused by alcoholism, malnutrition, or gastrointestinal disorders, while high levels are often due to kidney dysfunction.

Each of these electrolyte tests provides critical information about the body's fluid and electrolyte balance, which is essential for normal cellular function, muscle function, nerve function, and overall homeostasis. Abnormalities in electrolyte levels can lead to various symptoms and are indicators of underlying health issues that may require treatment.

Blood Health

  • ABO Group and Rhesus Factor: This test determines a person's blood type (A, B, AB, or O) and Rh factor (positive or negative). Knowing this is crucial for safe blood transfusions, organ transplants, and managing pregnancies, as Rh incompatibility can lead to complications.
  • Red Blood Cell (RBC) Count: Measures the number of red blood cells in a blood sample. Red blood cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the body and return carbon dioxide from the body to the lungs. An abnormal count can indicate conditions like anemia, dehydration, or bone marrow disorders.
  • Hemoglobin: This test measures the amount of hemoglobin, an oxygen-carrying protein, in the blood. Low levels can indicate anemia, while high levels can suggest conditions like polycythemia vera or lung disease.
  • Hematocrit: Hematocrit measures the proportion of blood volume occupied by red blood cells. It helps diagnose anemia, polycythemia, and other conditions affecting red blood cells.
  • Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV): MCV indicates the average size of red blood cells. It helps in diagnosing different types of anemia, with high MCV indicating macrocytic anemia and low MCV indicating microcytic anemia.
  • Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC): MCHC measures the average concentration of hemoglobin in red blood cells. It's useful in identifying the cause of anemia and assessing red blood cell health.
  • Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH): MCH measures the average amount of hemoglobin in a single red blood cell. It helps in diagnosing different types of anemia.
  • Platelet Count: This test measures the number of platelets, which are essential for blood clotting. Low platelet count can lead to excessive bleeding, while a high count may increase the risk of clotting disorders.
  • Red Cell Distribution Width (RDW): RDW measures the variation in size of red blood cells. High RDW can indicate a mixed population of small and large red blood cells, commonly seen in various types of anemia.
  • Mean Platelet Volume (MPV): MPV assesses the average size of platelets in the blood. It can provide information about platelet production in the bone marrow and can be useful in diagnosing certain blood disorders.

Each of these tests gives important information about the blood and can help diagnose a range of conditions, from anemia and clotting disorders to infections and chronic diseases. Understanding these results can guide appropriate treatment and management of various health issues.

Urine

  • pH: This measures the acidity or alkalinity of urine. An abnormal pH can indicate kidney stones, urinary tract infections, or other metabolic disorders.
  • Specific Gravity: This assesses urine concentration, reflecting hydration status and kidney function. Abnormal values can indicate conditions like dehydration, kidney disorders, or diabetes insipidus.
  • Glucose: Normally absent in urine, glucose presence can indicate diabetes or other conditions that elevate blood glucose levels.
  • Protein: Protein in urine can suggest kidney damage or disease, as healthy kidneys don’t usually allow significant protein filtration into urine.
  • Bilirubin: Presence of bilirubin in urine can be an early sign of liver disease, indicating problems with liver function or bile ducts.
  • Ketones: Ketones in urine are common in uncontrolled diabetes, indicating that the body is using fat for energy instead of glucose, and can also occur during prolonged fasting or a low-carbohydrate diet.
  • Appearance: The visual aspect of urine can indicate various conditions. For example, cloudy urine can suggest an infection, and unusual colors can be due to certain foods, medications, or health conditions.
  • White Blood Cell (WBC): WBCs in urine are a sign of inflammation or infection, typically in the urinary tract.
  • Red Blood Cell (RBC): The presence of RBCs can indicate conditions causing bleeding in the urinary tract, such as infections, kidney stones, or tumors.
  • Nitrite: Nitrite in urine is a sign of bacterial infection, as certain bacteria convert nitrates into nitrites.
  • Leukocytes: Similar to WBCs, leukocytes in urine indicate inflammation or infection.
  • Occult Blood: Occult blood can point to urinary tract infections, kidney stones, or more serious conditions like tumors.
  • Color: Urine color can vary based on hydration, diet, medications, or health conditions. Unusual colors can be a sign of disease.
  • Bacteria: The presence of bacteria usually indicates a urinary tract infection.
  • Hyaline Casts: These are cylindrical structures that can be present in urine. While a few hyaline casts can be normal, increased numbers may indicate kidney disease.
  • Squamous Epithelial Cells: These cells from the skin or urethra can be present due to contamination. Large amounts might suggest improper sample collection or infection.
  • Albumin - Urine (Microalbumin): Detecting small amounts of albumin (microalbuminuria) is important in identifying early kidney disease, especially in individuals with risk factors like diabetes or hypertension.
  • Creatinine - Urine: Urine creatinine levels are used to evaluate kidney function and to normalize other tests (like albumin) for urine concentration.
  • Albumin/Creatinine Ratio - Urine: This ratio helps detect early kidney disease by compensating for urine concentration variations. It's especially important in monitoring individuals with conditions that predispose them to kidney damage.

Each of these tests provides important insights into the health of the urinary system and can also indicate systemic conditions. They are valuable tools in diagnosing, monitoring, and managing a variety of medical conditions.

Each of these blood tests provides important information about the overall health and function of the blood. They are crucial for diagnosing and monitoring a wide range of conditions, including anemia, clotting disorders, and other hematological diseases.

In summary, the Functional Lab Panel provides a comprehensive overview of various aspects of your health, allowing for early detection and management of potential health issues.

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